In software engineering, a design pattern is a general repeatable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software design. A design pattern is not a finished design that can be transformed directly into code. It is a description or template for how to solve a problem that can be used in many different situations. Object-oriented design patterns typically show relationships and interactions between classes or objects, without specifying the final application classes or objects that are involved.

Not all software patterns are design patterns. Design patterns deal specifically with problems at the level of software design. Other kinds of patterns, such as architectural patterns, for example Model-View-Controller (MVC), Implicit Invocation and Dependency Injection, describe problems and solutions that have alternative scopes. However, for ease, I generally consider software and architecture patterns under the design pattern scope.

Design patterns can speed up the development process by providing tested, proven development paradigms. Effective software design requires considering issues that may not become visible until later in the implementation. Reusing design patterns helps to prevent subtle issues that can cause major problems, and it also improves code readability for coders and architects who are familiar with the patterns.

Design patterns can be classified in terms of the underlying problem they solve. Examples of problem-based pattern classifications include Creational, Structural and Behavioural Patterns. Creational patterns, such as Singleton, deal with the creation of objects, Structural patterns, such as Facade, deal with the relationships between objects and Behavioural patterns, such as Observer, deal with the communication between objects.

The practical application of design patterns to ColdFusion applications is a new phenomenon and one which requires careful consideration. There is no sense in using a design pattern for the sake of using it, it must first solve the problem you have encountered. Common design patterns that I have used in my day-to-day development have included Singleton, Composite, Model-View-Controller (MVC), Data Access Object (DAO), Gateway, Bean and the Facade Pattern. These I will discuss in later articles.

Further Reading:

Alexander, Christopher; et al (1977). A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-01919-9.

Freeman, Elisabeth; Freeman, Eric; Bates, Bert (2004). Head First Design Patterns, paperback, O’Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00712-4.

Gamma, Erich; Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides (1995). Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, hardcover, 395 pages, Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-63361-2.

Shalloway, Alan; Trott, James (2001) Design Patterns Explained: A New Perspective on Object-Oriented Design, paperback, 368 pages, Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-71594-5.

The Skycar demonstrated limited tethered flight capability in 2003. More tethered flight tests are now scheduled for an undisclosed date sometime after mid 2006. Moller is currently upgrading the Skycar’s engines, and the improved prototype is now called the “M400X”.

Given the machine’s very protracted development and its ambitiousness, skepticism that the machine will work as claimed remains high. The craft currently under development, the M400, is intended to ultimately transport four people. It is described as a car since it is aimed at being a popular means of transport for anyone who can drive, incorporating automated flight controls. The driver should only input direction and speed, no pilot knowledge being required.

Also, it is argued that by using eight inexpensive Wankel rotary engines, its price will eventually fall close to that of a quality car, even if at the moment the price for the first units is expected to be close to US$1 million.

Its proposed features would include 275 mph (442 km/h) cruise speed, 375 mph (603 km/h) maximum speed, eight redundant, low-emission Wankel engines for safety, residential garage size, fuel consumption like a big car, a parachute for the whole machine and road capability for short distances (to be driven to a vertiport). Although current plans call for use of alcohol fuel, cheap, lightweight fuel, such as liquid hydrogen, could be used as an alternative to gasoline, as in the Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE, although the lower energy density will limit range.

There are a great set of videos on their website: http://moller.com